What is Cognitive Load Theory?

Cognitive Load Theory is a mental model used for better thinking and decision-making.

How do you apply Cognitive Load Theory?

To apply Cognitive Load Theory, identify situations where this framework is relevant, then use it as a lens to evaluate your options and decisions. The model is most useful when combined with other complementary mental models.

What category does Cognitive Load Theory fall under?

Cognitive Load Theory falls under the High Performance & Learning category of mental models. Other models in this category can be found on the High Performance & Learning hub page.

Why is Cognitive Load Theory important?

Cognitive Load Theory is important because it provides a structured way to think about problems that would otherwise be approached with intuition alone. Understanding this model helps you avoid common reasoning errors and make better decisions.

Where does Cognitive Load Theory come from?

Cognitive Load Theory is discussed in the tradition of John Sweller.

Cognitive Load Theory Mental Model…

Working memory is limited. Cognitive load theory (CLT), developed by John Sweller and others, says that learning and performance suffer when the total load on working memory exceeds its capacity. Load comes from the task itself (intrinsic load — the inherent complexity of the material), from how it is presented (extraneous load — irrelevant demand from design or instruction), and from the process of building new schemas (germane load — productive effort that leads to learning). The design principle: minimise extraneous load, manage intrinsic load (e.g. by chunking and sequencing), and leave capacity for germane load so that learning can occur.

When you overwhelm working memory — too many elements at once, unclear instructions, or distracting format — people cannot process the material. When you reduce extraneous load and break intrinsic load into manageable chunks, capacity is freed for the effort that actually builds understanding. CLT was developed in instructional design but applies wherever you are communicating, training, or asking people to hold and use information: presentations, onboarding, strategy docs, and meetings. The leader's job is often to reduce load so that the important message gets through.

Use it when leading and organising. Complex strategies, reorgs, and change initiatives fail when cognitive load is too high: too many goals, too much detail, or too little structure. Apply CLT by simplifying the message, sequencing information, removing redundancy and distraction, and designing processes so that people are not asked to hold more in working memory than they can handle.

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